![]() ![]() Other authors have described extensively the composition of Anopheles species in the Neotropics, or have made notable efforts to predict the distribution of the DVS of malaria in the Americas through intensive literature searches and an evidence-based approach. Additionally, some specimens of anophelines collected in Honduras and other countries have been used in order to determine their genetic diversity. Vidal’s report was followed by a brief description in 1998 of the local species on the island of Utila (Bay Islands). The first partial record of anophelines in the country dates from 1930, when Dr Antonio Vidal described seven Anopheles species from four ecological regions. Scientific information regarding malaria vector species in Honduras is scarce. Other authors point out that the most relevant species of malaria vectors recognized in Mesoamerica are An. Anopheles aquasalis is predominant in the coastal areas of southern Central America and with lower vector capacity. darlingi shows more focalized distribution patterns. albimanus are the most prevalent species, whereas An. According to a global map of dominant malaria vectors published in 2012, there are at least seven species reported on the isthmus. There are discrepancies in the literature with regard to the number of dominant Anopheles species in Mesoamerica. Approximately 70 species of these three sub-genera are capable of transmitting malaria parasites, and of those, 30 to 40 have sufficient vector capacity to be considered as public health problems. Based on molecular markers such as ITS2, both dominant vector species (DVS) and secondary vectors of malaria in the Americas are grouped into three sub-genera: Anopheles ( Anopheles) An. The genus Anopheles includes more than 500 formally recognized species and several unclassified members ( incertae sedis), some of them grouped into species complexes. This reduction can be attributed in part to the integrated control of Anopheles species. As a signatory to this agreement, Honduras has managed to reduce vectorial transmission by more than 96% since 2004, reporting only 651 cases in 2018. Nine countries in Central America and Hispaniola are taking part in a sub-regional initiative to eliminate malaria over the next years. A decrease in the number of malaria cases has been recorded in many endemic countries of the continent, except mainly in Venezuela, Brazil and Colombia. The WHO Region of the Americas accounted for less than 0.5% of all malaria cases. These results provide supporting data for a better understanding of the distribution of malaria vectors in Honduras.Īccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 228 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide in 2018. However, both molecular markers differ in their ability to detect intraspecific genetic diversity. According to our results, both taxonomic and molecular approaches are useful tools in the identification of anopheline mosquitoes. Here we report the distribution and genetic diversity of Anopheles species in endemic areas of malaria transmission in Honduras. neivai in relation to specimens from South America. Phylogenetic analyses revealed clustering patterns in An. darlingi proved to be a highly homogeneous population. High genetic diversity was observed within the populations of An. cox1 showed a greater nucleotide diversity than ITS2 in all species. Both markers confirmed the morphological identification. To confirm the morphological identification of the specimens, 175 and 122 sequences were obtained for cox1 and ITS2, respectively. Anopheles albimanus was the most widespread and abundant species (74.02%). ResultsĪ total of 1320 anophelines were collected and identified through morphological keys. Genetic analyses included the sequencing of a partial region of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene ( cox1) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Morphological identification was performed using taxonomic keys. Adult anophelines were captured outdoors using CDC light traps and by aspiration of mosquitoes at rest. Mosquitoes were captured in 8 locations in 5 malaria endemic departments during 2019. This study aimed to describe the distribution and genetic diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Honduras. ![]() In Honduras, information on the distribution of Anopheles spp. ![]() More than 500 Anopheles species have been described worldwide, and more than 30 are considered a public health problem. Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of malaria, one of the most important infectious diseases in the tropics. ![]()
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